Section 114 of Companies Act, 2013 – Ordinary and Special Resolutions

SECTION 114. ORDINARY AND SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS

[Effective from 12th September, 2013]

(1) A resolution shall be an ordinary resolution if the notice required under this Act has been duly given and it is required to be passed by the votes cast, whether on a show of hands, or electronically or on a poll, as the case may be, in favour of the resolution, including the casting vote, if any, of the Chairman, by members who, being entitled so to do, vote in person, or where proxies are allowed, by proxy or by postal ballot, exceed the votes, if any, cast against the resolution by members, so entitled and voting.

(2) A resolution shall be a special resolution when—

(a) the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution has been duly specified in the notice calling the general meeting or other intimation given to the members of the resolution;

(b) the notice required under this Act has been duly given; and

(c) the votes cast in favour of the resolution, whether on a show of hands, or electronically or on a poll, as the case may be, by members who, being entitled so to do, vote in person or by proxy or by postal ballot, are required to be not less than three times the number of the votes, if any, cast against the resolution by members so entitled and voting.

Applicable Circulars

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made thereunder on account of the threat posed by Covld-19.

General Circular No. 14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020

Several representations have been received in the Ministry for providing relaxations in the provisions of Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) or rules made thereunder to allow companies to pass ordinary and special resolutions of urgent nature, in view of the difficulties faced by the stakeholders on account of the threat posed by Covid-19. The issues raised in the said representations have been examined considering the overall situation at present.

2. The Act does not contain any specific provision for allowing conduct of members’ meetings through video conferencing (VC) or other audio visual means (OAVM). It has been noted that section 108 of the Act and rules made thereunder provide for relevant companies to allow e-voting (including remote e-voting) in case of general meetings convened by them. Section 110 of the Act, on the other hand, allows the companies to pass resolutions (except items of ordinary business and items where any person has a right to be heard) through postal ballot (which includes electronic ballot and electronic voting under section 108). In view of the current extraordinary circumstances due to the pandemic caused by COVID- 19 prevailing in the country, requiring social distancing, companies are requested to take all decisions of urgent nature requiring the approval of members, other than items of ordinary business or business where any person has a right to be heard, through the mechanism of postal ballot/e-voting in accordance with the provisions of the Act and rules made thereunder, without holding a general meeting, which requires physical presence of members at a common venue.
3. However, in case holding of an extraordinary general meeting (EGM) by any company is considered unavoidable, the following procedure needs to be adopted for conducting such a meeting on or before 30.06.2020, in addition to any other requirement provided in the Act or the rules made thereunder:
4. For companies which are required to provide the facility of e-voting under the Act, or any other company which has opted for such facility –
5. EGMs, wherever unavoidable, may be held through VC or OAVM and the recorded transcript of the same shall be maintained in safe custody by the company. In case of a public company, the recorded transcript of the meeting, shall as soon as possible, be also made available on the website (if any) of the company.
6. Convenience of different persons positioned in different time zones shall be kept in mind before scheduling the meeting.

III. All care must be taken to ensure that such meeting through VC or OAVM facility allows two way teleconferencing or webex for the ease of participation of the members and the participants are allowed to pose questions concurrently or given time to submit questions in advance on the e-mail address of the company. Such facility must have a capacity to allow at least 1000 members to participate on a first-come-first-served basis. The large shareholders (i.e. shareholders holding 2% or more shareholding), promoters, institutional investors, directors, key managerial personnel, the chairpersons of the Audit Committee. Nomination and Remuneration Committee and Stakeholders Relationship Committee, auditors, etc, may be allowed to attend the meeting without restriction on account of first-come-first-served principle.

1. The facility for joining the meeting shall be kept open at least 15 minutes before the time scheduled to start the meeting and shall not be closed till the expiry of 15 minutes after such scheduled time.
2. Before the actual date of the meeting, the facility of remote e-voting shall be provided in accordance with the Act and the rules.
3. Attendance of members through VC or OAVM shall be counted for the purpose of reckoning the quorum under section 103 of the Act.

VII. Only those members, who are present in the meeting through VC or OAVM facility and have not cast their vote on resolutions through remote e-voting and are otherwise not barred from doing so, shall be allowed to vote through e-voting system or by a show of hands in the meeting.

VIII. Unless the articles of the company require any specific person to be appointed as a Chairman for the meeting, the Chairman for the meeting shall be appointed in the following manner:

a. where there are less than 50 members present at the meeting, the Chairman shall be appointed in accordance with section 104.

b. In all other cases, the Chairman shall be appointed by a poll conducted through the e-voting system during the meeting.The Chairman present at the meeting shall ensure that the facility of e-voting system is available for the purpose of conducting a poll during the meeting held through VC or OAVM. Depending on the number of members present in such meeting, the voting shall be conducted in the following manner.

IX.  The Chairman present at the meeting shall ensure that the facility of e-voting system is available for the purpose of conducting a poll during the meeting held through VC or OAVM. Depending on the number of members present in such meeting, the voting shall be conducted in the following manner.

1. where there are less than 50 members present at the meeting, the voting may be conducted either through the e-voting system or by a show of hands, unless a demand for poll is made in accordance with section 109 of the Act, in which case, the voting shall be conducted through the e-voting system;
2. in all other cases, the voting shall be conducted through e-voting system.

X. A proxy is allowed to be appointed under section 105 of the Act to attend and vote at a general meeting on behalf of a member who is not able to attend personally. Since general meetings under this framework will be held through VC or °AVM, where physical attendance of members in any case has been dispensed with, there is no requirement of appointment of proxies. Accordingly, the facility of appointment of proxies by members will not be available for such meetings. However, in pursuance of section 112 and section 113 of the Act, representatives of the members may be appointed for the purpose of voting through remote e-voting or for participation and voting in the meeting held through VC or OAVM.

XI. At least one independent director (where the company is required to appoint one), and the auditor or his authorized representative, who is qualified to be the auditor shall attend such meeting through VC or OAVM.

XII. Where institutional investors are members of a company, they must be encouraged to attend and vote in the said meeting through VC or OAVM.

XIII. The notice for the general meeting shall make disclosures with regard to the manner in which framework provided in this Circular shall be available for use by the members and also contain clear instructions on how to access and participate in the meeting. The company shall also provide a helpline number through the registrar & transfer agent, technology provider, or otherwise, for those shareholders who need assistance with using the technology before or during the meeting A copy of the meeting notice shall also be prominently displayed on the website of the company and due intimation may be made to the exchanges in case of a listed company.

XIV. In case a notice for meeting has been served prior to the date of this circular, the framework proposed in this Circular may be adopted for the meeting, in case the consent from members has been obtained in accordance with section 101(1) of the Act, and a fresh notice of shorter duration with due disclosures In consonance with this Circular is issued consequently.

XV. All resolutions passed in accordance with this mechanism shall be filed with the Registrar of Companies within 60 days of the meeting. clearly indicating therein that the mechanism provided herein alongwith other provisions of the Act and rules were duly complied with during such meeting.

B. For companies which are not required to provide the facility of e-voting under the Act–

I. EGM, wherever unavoidable, may be held through VC or OAVM and the recorded transcript of the same shall be maintained in safe custody by the company. In case of a public company, the recorded transcript of the meeting, shall as soon as possible, be also made available on the website (if any) of the company.

II. Convenience of different persons positioned in different time zones shall be kept in mind before scheduling the meeting.

III. All care must be taken to ensure that such meeting through VC or OAVM facility allows two way teleconferencing or webex for the ease of participation of the members and the participants are allowed to pose questions concurrently or given time to submit questions in advance on the e-mail address of the company. Such facility must have a capacity to allow at least 500 members or members equal to the total number of members of the company (whichever is lower) to participate on a first-come-first-served basis. The large shareholders (i.e. shareholders holding 2% or more shareholding), promoters, institutional Investors, directors, key managerial personnel, the chairpersons of the Audit Committee, Nomination and Remuneration Committee and Stakeholders Relationship Committee, auditors, etc. may be allowed to attend the meeting without restriction on account of first-come-first-served principle.

IV. The facility for joining the meeting shall be kept open at least 15 minutes before the time scheduled to start the meeting and shall not be closed till the expiry of 15 minutes after such scheduled time.

V. Attendance of members through VC or OAVM shall be counted for the purpose of reckoning the quorum under section 103 of the Act.

VI. Unless the articles of the company require any specific person to be appointed as a Chairman for the meeting, the Chairman for the meeting shall be appointed in the following manner:

1. where there are less than 50 members present at the meeting, the Chairman shall be appointed in accordance with section 104;
2. in all other cases, the Chairman shall be appointed by a poll conducted in a manner provided in succeeding sub-paragraphs.

VII.  Atleast one independent director (where the company is required to appoint one), and the auditor or his authorized representative, who is qualified to be the auditor shall attend such meeting through VC or OAVM.

VIII. A proxy is allowed to be appointed under section 105 of the Act to attend and vote at a general meeting on behalf of a member who is not able to attend personally. Since general meetings under this framework will be held through VC or OAVM, where physical attendance of members in any case has been dispensed with, there is no requirement of appointment of proxies Accordingly, the facility of appointment of proxies by members will not be available for such meetings. However, in pursuance of section 112 and section 113 of the Act, representatives of the members may be appointed for the purpose of voting through remote e-voting or for participation and voting in the meeting held through VC or OAVM.

IX. Where institutional investors are members of a company, they must be encouraged to attend and vote in the said meeting through VC or OAVM.

X. The company shall provide a designated email address to all members al the time of sending the notice of meeting so that the members can convey their vote, when a poll is required to be taken during the meeting on any resolution, at such designated email address.

XI. The confidentiality of the password and other privacy issues associated with the designated email address shall be strictly maintained by the company at all times. Due safeguards with regard to authenticity of email address(es) and other details of the members shall also be taken by the company.

XII. During the meeting held through VC or OAVM facility, where a poll on any item is required, the members shall cast their vote on the resolutions only by sending emails through their email addresses which are registered with the company. The said emails shall only be sent to the designated email address circulated by the company in advance.

XIII. Where less than 50 members are present in a meeting, the Chairman may decide to conduct a vote by show of hands, unless a demand for poll is made by any member in accordance with section 109 of the Act. Once such demand is made, the procedure provided in the preceding sub-paragraphs shall be followed.

XIV. In case the counting of votes requires lime, the said meeting may be adjourned and called later to declare the result.

XV. The notice for the general meeting shall make disclosures with regard to the manner in which framework provided in this Circular shall be available for use by the members and also Contain clear instructions on how to access and participate in the meeting. The company should also provide a helpline number through the registrar & transfer agent. technology provider, or otherwise, for those shareholders who need assistance with using the technology before or during the meeting. A copy of the notice shall also be prominently displayed on the website of the company.

XVI. In case a notice for meeting has been served prior to the date of this Circular, the framework proposed in this Circular may be adopted for the meeting in case the consent from members has been obtained in accordance with section 1010) of the Act, and a fresh notice of shorter duration with due disclosures in consonance with this Circular is issued consequently.

XVII. All resolutions passed in accordance with this mechanism shall be filled with the Registrar of Companies within 60 days of the meeting clearly indicating therein that the mechanism provided herein alongwith other provisions of the Act and rules were duty complied with

4. The companies referred to in paragraphs 3 (A) and 3 (B) above, shall ensure that all other compliances associated with the provisions relating to general meetings viz making of disclosures, inspection of related documents by members, or authorizations for voting by bodes corporate etc as provided in the Act and the articles of association of the company are made through electronic mode.

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made thereunder on account of the threat posed by Covid-19.

General Circular No. 17/2020 dated 13th April, 2020

Reference is drawn to this Ministry’s General Circular No. 14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020 on the subject cited above. After the issue of the said circular, the Ministry has received representations from stakeholders for clarification on some of the elements in the framework laid down therein. The stakeholders have highlighted the difficulties in serving and receiving notices/responses by post in the current circumstances. In view of the same and with a view to bringing in greater clarity on the modalities to be followed by companies for conduct of EGMs during the COVID-19 related social distancing norms and lockdown for the period as indicated in the said Circular, or till further orders, whichever is earlier, the following clarifications are hereby given:-

(i) Manner and mode of issue of notices to the members before convening the general meeting: 

A. For companies which are required to provide the facility of e-voting under the Act, or any other company which has opted for such facility-

I. In view of the present circumstances. in accordance with the provisions of rule 18 of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules. 2014 (the rules), the notices to members may be given only through e-mails registered with the company or with the depository participant/depository.

II. While publishing the public notice as required under rule 20(4)(v) of the rules. the following matters shall also be stated. namely.-

1. a statement that the EGM has been convened through VC or OAVM in compliance with applicable provisions of the Act read with General Circular 14/2020, dated 8th April, 2020 and this Circular;
2. the date and time of the EGM through VC or OAVM;
3. availability of notice of the meeting on the website of the company and the stock exchanged;
4. the manner in which the members who are holding shares in physical form or who have not registered their email addresses with the company can cast their vote through remote e-voting or through the e-voting system during the meeting;
5. the manner in which the members who have not registered their email addresses with the company can get the same registered with the company;
6. any other detail considered necessary by the company.

III. The Chairman of the meeting shall satisfy himself and cause to record the same before considering the business in the meeting that all efforts feasible under the circumstances have indeed been made by the company to enable members to participate and vote on the items being considered in the meeting.

B. For companies which are not required to provide the facility of e-voting under the Act —

I.  In view of the present circumstances in accordance with the provisions of rule 18 of the Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014 (the rules), the notices to members may be given only through e-mails registered with the company of with the depository/depository participant.

II.  A copy of the notice shall also be prominently displayed on the website, if any, of the company

III. In order to ensure that all members are aware that a general meeting is proposed to be conducted in compliance with applicable provisions of the Act read with General Circular No. 14/2020, dated 8” April, 2020, the company shall:

(a) contact all those members whose e-mail addresses are not registered with the company over telephone or any other mode of communication for registration of their e-mail addresses before sending the notice for meeting to all its members; or

(b) where the contact details of any of members are not available with the company or could not be obtained as per (a) above,  it shall cause a public notice by way of advertisement to be published immediately at least once in a vernacular newspaper in the principal vernacular language of the district in which the registered office of the company is situated and having a wide circulation in that district  and at least once in English language in an English newspaper having a wide circulation in that district, preferably both newspapers having electronic editions, and specifying in the advertisement the following information –

1. That the company intends to convene a general meeting in compliance with applicable provision is of the Act read with the General Circular No. 14/2020, dated 8th April, 2020 and this Circular and for the said purpose it proposes to send notices to all its members by e-mail after, at least, 3 days from the date of publication of the public notice,
2. the details of the e-mail address along with a telephone number on which the members may contact for getting their e-mail addresses registered for participation and voting in the general meeting
3. The Chairman of the meeting shall satisfy himself and cause to record the same before considering the business in the meeting that all efforts feasible under the circumstances have indeed been made by the company to enable members to participate and vote on the items being considered in the meeting

(ii) Requirement for voting by show of hands– In sub-paragraph A — IX of Para 3 of the General Circular 14/2020 dated  8th April, 2020 relevant companies were allowed to pass resolutions in certain cases through show of hands. Considering the dissimilarities involved in e-voting and voting by show of hands, the said sub-paragraph is substituted as under:-

“IX.  The Chairman present at the meeting shall ensure that the  facility of e-voting system is available for the purpose of voting during the meeting held through VC or OAVM.”

(iii) Passing of certain items only through postal Ballot without convening a general meeting – (a) In the General Circular No. 14/2020, dated 8th April, 2020, it was stated that the companies may pass resolutions through postal ballot/ e-voting without holding a general meeting unless it is so required as per section 110(1)(b) of the Act . Clarifications have been sought on the issue of dispatch of notices by companies by past and communication by the members of their assent or dissent on relevant resolutions by post under the current circumstances.

(b) The matter has been examined and the attention is invited to rule 22(15) of the rules which provides that the provisions of rule 20 regarding voting by electronic means shall apply, as far as applicable, mutatis mutandis to this rule in respect of the voting by electronic means. Therefore, for companies covered in para 3-A of the General Circular No. 14/2020, dated 8th April, 2020, while they are transacting any item only by postal ballot, upto 30th June, 2020 or till further orders, whichever is earlier, the requirements provided in rule 20 of the rules as well as the framework provided in the General Circular No. 14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020 and this Circular would be applicable mutatis mutandis. The company would send notice by email to all its shareholders who have registered their email addresses with the company or depository participant/depository. The company would also be duty bound to provide a process of registration of e-mail addresses of members and state so in its public notice. The communication of the assent or dissent of the members would only take place through the remote e-voting system, as no meeting will be required to be called.

(iv) Sending of e-mails by members, where a poll on any item is required for companies covered in Para 3-B of the General Circular No. 14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020:-

Clarification has been sought as to whether the members are required to take part in the poll on items considered during the meeting by sending e-mails in advance to the company before the meeting is actually held through VC or  OAVM  facility. The matter has been examined and it is hereby clarified that sub-paragraph B-XII of para 3 of the General Circular No. 14/2020, dated 8th April. 2020 does not provide for polling by members at any time before the general meeting. The poll will take place during the meeting, and the members may convey their assent or dissent on at such stage on items considered in the meeting by sending e-mails to the designated e-mail address of the company, which was circulated by the company in the notice sent to the members.

 

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by Companies under the Companies Act, 2013read with rules made thereunder on account of Covid-l9 – Extension of time- reg.

General Circular No. 22/2020 dated 15^thJune, 2020

This Ministry has issued General circular No. 14/2020 on 8^th April, 2020 and General circular No. 17/2020 on 13^th April, 2020 for providing clarifications on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies by holding extraordinary general meetings (EGMs) through video conferencing (VC) or other audio visual means (OAVM) or passing of certain items only through postal ballot withoutconvening general meeting. The framework provided in the said circulars allows companies to hold relevant EGMs or transact relevant business through postal ballots, as per procedure specified therein, upto 30^th June, 2020 or till further orders, whichever is earlier. Requests have been received from the stakeholders for extending the period upto which the framework provided in the aforesaid circulars may be utilized by the companies.

2.Thematterhasbeenexaminedandithasbeendecidedtoallowcompaniesto conduct their EGMs through VC or OAVM or transact items through postal ballot in accordance with the framework provided in the aforesaid Circulars upto 30^th September, 2020. All other requirements provided in the said Circulars remain unchanged.

 

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act,2013 read with rules made thereunder on account of COVID-19- Extension of time -reg.

General Circular No.33/2020, dated 28th September, 2020

In continuation to this Ministry’s General Circulars No.14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020, No.17 /2020 dated 13th April, 2020 and No.22/2020 dated 15.06.2020 and after due examination and it has been decided to allow companies to conduct their EGMs through VC or OAVM or transact items through postal ballot in accordance with the framework provided in the aforesaid Circulars upto 31st December, 2020. All other requirements provided in the said Circulars shall remain unchanged.

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act, 2013 read with rules made thereunder on account of COVID-19- Extension of time -reg.

General Circular No.39/2020, dated 31st December, 2020

In continuation to this Ministry’s General Circulars No.14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020, No.17/2020 dated 13th April, 2020, No.22/2020 dated 15.06.2020 and No.33/2020 dated 28.09.2020 and after due examination, it has been decided to allow companies to conduct their EGMs through VC or OAVM or transact items through postal ballot in accordance with the framework provided in the aforesaid Circulars upto 30th June, 2021. All other requirements provided in the said Circulars shall remain unchanged.

 

Clarification on passing of ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the companies Act, 2013 read with rules made thereunder on account of COVID- 19- Extension of time -reg.

General Circular No.10/2021, dated 23rd June, 2021

In continuation to this Ministry’s General Circulars No. 14/2020 dated 8th April, 2020, No.17/2020 dated 13th April, 2020, No.22/2020 dated 15.06.2020, No. 33/2020 dated 28.09.2020 and No. 39/2020 dated 31.12.2020, after due examination, it has been decided to allow companies to conduct their EGMs through VC or OAVM or transact items through postal ballot in accordance with the framework provided in the aforesaid Circulars upto 31st December, 2021. All other requirements provided in the said Circulars shall remain unchanged.

 

 

Clarification on passing of Ordinary and Special resolutions by the companies under the Companies Act, 2013 read with rules made thereunder on account of COVID-19-Extention of timeline-reg.

General Circular No.20/2021, dated 8^th December, 2021

In continuation to this Ministry’s General Circular Nos. 14/2020 dated 08.04.2020,17/2020 dated 13.04.2020, 22/2020 dated 15.06.2020, 33/2020 dated 28.09.2020 and 39/2020 dated 31.12.2020 and 10/2021 dated 23.06.2021 and after due examination, it has been decided to allow companies to conduct their EGMs through Video Conference (VC) or Other Audio Visual Means (OAVM) or transact items through postal ballot in accordance with framework provided in the aforesaid Circulars up to 30^thJune, 2022. All other requirements provided in the said Circulars shall remain unchanged.